Ethical Challenges of Artificial Intelligence in Modern Society: A Multidisciplinary Review

Regina Barzilay

Ethical Challenges of Artificial Intelligence in Modern Society: A Multidisciplinary Review

Author(s)	Regina Barzilay
Country	United States
Abstract	Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become one of the most transformative technologies of the twenty-first century, influencing nearly every sector of society, including healthcare, education, finance, manufacturing, transportation, governance, cybersecurity, and scientific research. AI-driven systems offer unprecedented opportunities to improve efficiency, productivity, decision-making, and innovation. However, the rapid expansion of AI has also introduced significant ethical challenges concerning fairness, accountability, transparency, privacy, security, employment, human rights, misinformation, and autonomous decision-making. As AI increasingly affects individuals, organisations, and governments, the development of responsible and trustworthy AI has become a global priority. This study presents a comprehensive multidisciplinary review of the ethical challenges of Artificial Intelligence in modern society. A qualitative analytical research methodology based on secondary data is adopted to examine ethical issues associated with AI development, deployment, governance, and regulation. The review integrates perspectives from computer science, law, philosophy, sociology, economics, healthcare, public administration, and engineering to provide a holistic understanding of responsible AI adoption. The findings indicate that although AI significantly improves operational efficiency and decision support, its widespread implementation raises concerns regarding algorithmic bias, discrimination, data privacy, cybersecurity, explainability, accountability, employment displacement, intellectual property, autonomous systems, and the societal consequences of misinformation generated by advanced AI models. International organisations and governments are increasingly developing AI governance frameworks that emphasise fairness, transparency, human oversight, safety, sustainability, and ethical accountability. Despite considerable progress, challenges remain concerning global regulatory harmonisation, technical standardisation, responsible data governance, interdisciplinary collaboration, and public trust. Future research should focus on explainable artificial intelligence (XAI), federated learning, AI auditing, value-aligned AI, human-centred AI design, and global ethical governance frameworks. The study concludes that responsible AI development requires a multidisciplinary approach combining technological innovation with ethical principles, legal safeguards, public engagement, and international cooperation to ensure that Artificial Intelligence contributes positively to sustainable and inclusive societal development.
Keywords	Artificial Intelligence, AI Ethics, Responsible AI, Explainable AI, Algorithmic Bias, Privacy, AI Governance, Human-Centred AI, Digital Ethics.
Field	Engineering
Published In	Volume 1, Issue 5, September-October 2019
Published On	2019-09-28

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American Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Innovation

A Widely Indexed Open Access Peer Reviewed Multidisciplinary Bi-monthly Scholarly International Journal

Ethical Challenges of Artificial Intelligence in Modern Society: A Multidisciplinary Review

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